****************************************************************************** DOS.TXT: ======= DOS.TXT is a text file which, amongst other things, explains the contents of the C:\DOS directory. C:\DOS is the default directory created by Microsoft DOS Version 5.00 during setup, and contains all external DOS commands, readme's, system drivers etc. on which this system relies for its operations. The following are commands, as well as their switches, parameters and applications/uses, which can be invoked at any DOS prompt. NOTE: The same information about these commands can be obtained by typing HELP [Command] or [Command] /? at the DOS prompt, where [Command] refers to the DOS Command or function you need help on. ****************************************************************************** VERY IMPORTANT: THIS TEXT FILE IS LAID OUT IN SUCH A WAY AS TO ENABLE IT TO BE PRINTED ON AN 80 COLUMN (wide) PRINTER WITH A PAGE LENGTH OF 60 LINES (long). UNLESS YOU REALLY MUST, DO N O T ADJUST OR EDIT IT. APPEND: ------ Allows programs to open data files in specified directories as if they were in the current directory. APPEND [[drive:]path[;...]] [/X[:ON | :OFF]] [/PATH:ON | /PATH:OFF] [/E] APPEND ; [drive:]path Specifies a drive and directory to append. /X:ON Applies appended directories to file searches and application execution. /X:OFF Applies appended directories only to requests to open files. /X:OFF is the default setting. /PATH:ON Applies appended directories to file requests that already specify a path. /PATH:ON is the default setting. /PATH:OFF Turns off the effect of /PATH:ON. /E Stores a copy of the appended directory list in an environment variable named APPEND. /E may be used only the first time you use APPEND after starting your system. Type APPEND ; to clear the appended directory list. Type APPEND without parameters to display the appended directory list. ASSIGN: ------ Redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. ASSIGN [x[:]=y[:][...]] ASSIGN /STATUS x Specifies the drive letter to reassign. y Specifies the drive that x: will be assigned to. /STATUS Displays current drive assignments. Type ASSIGN without parameters to reset all drive letters to original assignments. ATTRIB: ------ Displays or changes file attributes. ATTRIB [+R | -R] [+A | -A] [+S | -S] [+H | -H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S] + Sets an attribute. - Clears an attribute. R Read-only file attribute. A Archive file attribute. S System file attribute. H Hidden file attribute. /S Processes files in all directories in the specified path. BACKUP: ------ Backs up one or more files from one disk to another. BACKUP source destination-drive: [/S] [/M] [/A] [/F[:size]] [/D:date[/T:time]] [/L[:[drive:][path]logfile]] source Specifies the file(s), drive, or directory to back up. destination-drive: Specifies the drive to save backup copies onto. /S Backs up contents of subdirectories. /M Backs up only files that have changed since the last backup. /A Adds backup files to an existing backup disk. /F:[size] Specifies the size of the disk to be formatted. /D:date Backs up only files changed on or after the specified date. /T:time Backs up only files changed at or after the specified time. /L[:[drive:][path]logfile] Creates a log file and entry to record the backup operation. BREAK: ----- Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking. BREAK [ON | OFF] Type BREAK without a parameter to display the current BREAK setting. CALL: ---- Calls one batch program from another. CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters] batch-parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the batch program. CD or CHDIR: ----------- Displays the name of or changes the current directory. CHDIR [drive:][path] CHDIR[..] CHDIR[\] CD [drive:][path] CD[..] CD[\] .. and \ specify that you want to change to the parent directory. Type CD drive: to display the current directory in the specified drive. Type CD without parameters to display the current drive and directory. CHCP: ---- Displays or sets the active code page number. CHCP [nnn] nnn Specifies a code page number. Type CHCP without a parameter to display the active code page number. CHKDSK: ------ Checks a disk and displays a status report. CHKDSK [drive:][[path]filename] [/F] [/V] [drive:][path] Specifies the drive and directory to check. filename Specifies the file(s) to check for fragmentation. /F Fixes errors on the disk. /V Displays the full path and name of every file on the disk. Type CHKDSK without parameters to check the current disk. CLS: --- Clears the screen. COMMAND: ------- Starts a new instance of the MS-DOS command interpreter. COMMAND [[drive:]path] [device] [/E:nnnnn] [/P] [/C string] [/MSG] [drive:]path Specifies the directory containing COMMAND.COM file. device Specifies the device to use for command input and output. /E:nnnnn Sets the initial environment size to nnnnn bytes. /P Makes the new command interpreter permanent (can't exit). /C string Carries out the command specified by string, and then stops. /MSG Specifies that all error messages be stored in memory. You need to specify /P with this switch. COMP: ---- Compares the contents of two files or sets of files. COMP [data1] [data2] [/D] [/A] [/L] [/N=number] [/C] data1 Specifies location and name(s) of first file(s) to compare. data2 Specifies location and name(s) of second files to compare. /D Displays differences in decimal format. This is the default setting. /A Displays differences in ASCII characters. /L Displays line numbers for differences. /N=number Compares only the first specified number of lines in each file. /C Disregards case of ASCII letters when comparing files. To compare sets of files, use wildcards in data1 and data2 parameters. COPY: ---- Copies one or more files to another location. COPY [/A | /B] source [/A | /B] [+ source [/A | /B] [+ ...]] [destination [/A | /B]] [/V] source Specifies the file or files to be copied. /A Indicates an ASCII text file. /B Indicates a binary file. destination Specifies the directory and/or filename for the new file(s). /V Verifies that new files are written correctly. To append files, specify a single file for destination, but multiple files for source (using wildcards or file1+file2+file3 format). CTTY: ---- Changes the terminal device used to control your system. CTTY device device The terminal device you want to use, such as COM1. DATE: ---- Displays or sets the date. DATE [date] Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date. DEBUG: ----- Runs Debug, a program testing and editing tool. DEBUG [[drive:][path]filename [testfile-parameters]] [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file you want to test. testfile-parameters Specifies command-line information required by the file you want to test. After Debug starts, type ? to display a list of debugging commands. DEL or ERASE: ------------ Deletes one or more files. DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P] [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple files by using wildcards. /P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file. DIR: --- Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory. DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/P] [/W] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/S] [/B] [/L] [drive:][path][filename] Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list. /P Pauses after each screenful of information. /W Uses wide list format. /A Displays files with specified attributes. attributes D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning "not" /O List by files in sorted order. sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date & time (earliest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order /S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories. /B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary). /L Uses lowercase. Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable. Override preset switches by prefixing any switch with - (hyphen)--for example, /-W. DISKCOMP: -------- Compares the contents of two floppy disks. DISKCOMP [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/8] /1 Compares the first side of the disks. /8 Compares only the first eight sectors of each track. DISKCOPY: -------- Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another. DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/V] /1 Copies only the first side of the disk. /V Verifies that the information is copied correctly. The two floppy disks must be the same type. You may specify the same drive for drive1 and drive2. DOSKEY: ------ Edits command lines, recalls MS-DOS commands, and creates macros. DOSKEY [/REINSTALL] [/BUFSIZE=size] [/MACROS] [/HISTORY] [/INSERT | /OVERSTRIKE] [macroname=[text]] /REINSTALL Installs a new copy of Doskey. /BUFSIZE=size Sets size of command history buffer. /MACROS Displays all Doskey macros. /HISTORY Displays all commands stored in memory. /INSERT Specifies that new text you type is inserted in old text. /OVERSTRIKE Specifies that new text overwrites old text. macroname Specifies a name for a macro you create. text Specifies commands you want to record. UP and DOWN ARROWS recall commands; ESC clears command line; F7 displays command history; ALT+F7 clears command history; F8 searches command history; F9 selects a command by number; ALT+F10 clears macro definitions. The following are some special codes in Doskey macro definitions: $T Command separator. Allows multiple commands in a macro. $1-$9 Batch parameters. Equivalent to %1-%9 in batch programs. $* Symbol replaced by everything following macro name on command line. DOSSHELL: -------- Microsoft (R) DOS Version 5.0 MS-DOS Shell Copyright (c) Microsoft Corp 1991. All rights reserved. Starts MS-DOS Shell. DOSSHELL [/T[:res[n]]] [/B] DOSSHELL [/G[:res[n]]] [/B] /T Starts MS-DOS Shell in text mode. :res[n] A letter (L, M, H) and number indicating screen resolution. /B Starts MS-DOS Shell using black-and-white color scheme. /G Starts MS-DOS Shell in graphics mode. ECHO: ---- Displays messages, or turns command-echoing on or off. ECHO [ON | OFF] ECHO [message] Type ECHO without parameters to display the current echo setting. EDIT: ---- Starts the MS-DOS Editor, which creates and changes ASCII files. EDIT [[drive:][path]filename] [/B] [/G] [/H] [/NOHI] [drive:][path]filename Specifies the ASCII file to edit. /B Allows use of a monochrome monitor with a color graphics card. /G Provides the fastest update of a CGA screen. /H Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware. /NOHI Allows the use of a monitor without high-intensity support. EDLIN: ----- Starts Edlin, a line-oriented text editor. EDLIN [drive:][path]filename [/B] /B Ignores end-of-file (CTRL+Z) characters. EMM386: ------ Turns on or off EMM386 expanded memory support. EMM386 [ON | OFF | AUTO] [W=ON | W=OFF] ON | OFF | AUTO Activates or suspends EMM386.EXE device driver, or places it in auto mode. W=ON | OFF Turns on or off Weitek coprocessor support. ERASE or DEL: ------------ Deletes one or more files. DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] ERASE [drive:][path]filename [/P] [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple files by using wildcards. /P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file. EXE2BIN: ------- Converts .EXE (executable) files to binary format. EXE2BIN [drive1:][path1]input-file [[drive2:][path2]output-file] input-file Specifies the .EXE file to be converted. output-file Specifies the binary file to be created. EXIT: ---- Quits the COMMAND.COM program (command interpreter). EXIT EXPAND: ------ Expands one or more compressed files. EXPAND [drive:][path]filename [[drive1:][path1]filename[ ...]] destination [drive:][path]filename Specifies the location and/or name of a file or set of files to be expanded. You cannot use wildcards. destination Specifies the new location and/or name of an expanded file or set of files. Destination can be a drive letter and colon, directory name, filename, or combination. The destination can only be a filename if you have specified a single filename for the source filename parameter. To expand multiple files to a different directory and keep the original filenames, specify only a directory as the destination. FASTOPEN: -------- Decreases the amount of time needed to open frequently used files and directories. FASTOPEN drive:[[=]n] [drive:[[=]n][ ...]] [/X] drive: Specifies the hard disk drive you want Fastopen to work with. n Specifies the maximum number of file locations Fastopen retains in its filename cache. /X Creates the filename cache in expanded memory. FC: -- Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between them. FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2 FC /B [drive1:][path1]filename1 [drive2:][path2]filename2 /A Displays only first and last lines for each set of differences. /B Performs a binary comparison. /C Disregards the case of letters. /L Compares files as ASCII text. /LBn Sets the maximum consecutive mismatches to the specified number of lines. /N Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison. /T Does not expand tabs to spaces. /W Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for comparison. /nnnn Specifies the number of consecutive lines that must match after a mismatch. FDISK: ----- Configures a hard disk for use with MS-DOS. FDISK FIND: ---- Searches for a text string in a file or files. FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]] /V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string. /C Displays only the count of lines containing the string. /N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines. /I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string. "string" Specifies the text string to find. [drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search. If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt or piped from another command. FOR: --- Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files. FOR %variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters] %variable Specifies a replaceable parameter. (set) Specifies a set of one or more files. Wildcards may be used. command Specifies the command to carry out for each file. command-parameters Specifies parameters or switches for the specified command. To use the FOR command in a batch program, specify %%variable instead of %variable. FORMAT: ------ Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS. FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/F:size] [/B | /S] FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/U] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] /V[:label] Specifies the volume label. /Q Performs a quick format. /U Performs an unconditional format. /F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88). /B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files. /S Copies system files to the formatted disk. /T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side. /N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track. /1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk. /4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive. /8 Formats eight sectors per track. GOTO: ---- Directs MS-DOS to a labelled line in a batch program. GOTO label label Specifies a text string used in the batch program as a label. You type a label on a line by itself, beginning with a colon (:). GRAFTABL: -------- Enables MS-DOS to display an extended character set in graphics mode. GRAFTABL [xxx] GRAFTABL /STATUS xxx Specifies a code page number. /STATUS Displays the current code page selected for use with GRAFTABL. GRAPHICS: -------- Loads a program that can print graphics. GRAPHICS [type] [[drive:][path]filename] [/R] [/B] [/LCD] [/PRINTBOX:STD | /PRINTBOX:LCD] type Specifies a printer type (see User's Guide and Reference). [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file containing information on supported printers. /R Prints white on black as seen on the screen. /B Prints the background in color for COLOR4 and COLOR8 printers. /LCD Prints using LCD aspect ratio. /PRINTBOX:STD | /PRINTBOX:LCD Specifies the print-box size, either STD or LCD. HELP: ---- Provides help information for MS-DOS commands. HELP [command] command - displays help information on that command. IF: -- Performs conditional processing in batch programs. IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command IF [NOT] string1==string2 command IF [NOT] EXIST filename command NOT Specifies that MS-DOS should carry out the command only if the condition is false. ERRORLEVEL number Specifies a true condition if the last program run returned an exit code equal to or greater than the number specified. command Specifies the command to carry out if the condition is met. string1==string2 Specifies a true condition if the specified text strings match. EXIST filename Specifies a true condition if the specified filename exists. JOIN: ---- Joins a disk drive to a directory on another drive. JOIN [drive1: [drive2:]path] JOIN drive1: /D drive1: Specifies a disk drive that will appear as a directory on drive2. drive2: Specifies a drive to which you want to join drive1. path Specifies the directory to which you want to join drive1. It must be empty and cannot be the root directory. /D Cancels any previous JOIN commands for the specified drive. Type JOIN without parameters to list currently joined drives. KEYB: ---- Configures a keyboard for a specific language. KEYB [xx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]] [/E] [/ID:nnn] xx Specifies a two-letter keyboard code. yyy ÿ Specifies the code page for the character set. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the keyboard definition file. /E Specifies that an enhanced keyboard is installed. /ID:nnn Specifies the keyboard in use. LABEL: ----- Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk. LABEL [drive:][label] LOADFIX: ------- Loads a program above the first 64K of memory, and runs the program. LOADFIX [drive:][path]filename Use LOADFIX to load a program if you have received the message "Packed file corrupt" when trying to load it in low memory. LOADHIGH: -------- Loads a program into the upper memory area. LOADHIGH [drive:][path]filename [parameters] LH [drive:][path]filename [parameters] parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the program you want to load. MD or MKDIR: ----------- Creates a directory. MKDIR [drive:]path MD [drive:]path MEM: --- Displays the amount of used and free memory in your system. MEM [/PROGRAM | /DEBUG | /CLASSIFY] /PROGRAM or /P Displays status of programs currently loaded in memory. /DEBUG or /D Displays status of programs, internal drivers, and other information. /CLASSIFY or /C Classifies programs by memory usage. Lists the size of programs, provides a summary of memory in use, and lists largest memory block available. MIRROR: ------ Records information about one or more disks. MIRROR [drive:[ ...]] [/1] [/Tdrive[-entries][ ...]] MIRROR [/U] MIRROR [/PARTN] drive: Specifies the drive for which you want to save information. /1 Saves only the latest disk information (does not back up previous information). /Tdrive Loads the deletion-tracking program for the specified drive. -entries Specifies maximum number of entries in the deletion-tracking file. /U Unloads the deletion-tracking program. /PARTN Saves hard disk partition information to a floppy diskette. MIRROR, UNDELETE, and UNFORMAT Copyright (C) 1987-1991 Central Point Software, Inc. MODE: ---- Configures system devices. Printer port: MODE LPTn[:] [COLS=c] [LINES=l] [RETRY=r] Serial port: MODE COMm[:] [BAUD=b] [PARITY=p] [DATA=d] [STOP=s] [RETRY=r] Device Status: MODE [device] [/STATUS] Redirect printing: MODE LPTn[:]=COMm[:] Prepare code page: MODE device CP PREPARE=((yyy[...]) [drive:][path]filename) Select code page: MODE device CP SELECT=yyy Refresh code page: MODE device CP REFRESH Code page status: MODE device CP [/STATUS] Display mode: MODE [display-adapter][,n] MODE CON[:] [COLS=c] [LINES=n] Typematic rate: MODE CON[:] [RATE=r DELAY=d] MORE: ---- Displays output one screen at a time. MORE < [drive:][path]filename command-name | MORE [drive:][path]filename Specifies a file to display one screen at a time. command-name Specifies a command whose output will be displayed. NLSFUNC: ------- Loads country-specific information. NLSFUNC [[drive:][path]filename] [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file containing country-specific information. PATH: ---- Displays or sets a search path for executable files. PATH [[drive:]path[;...]] PATH ; Type PATH ; to clear all search-path settings and direct MS-DOS to search only in the current directory. Type PATH without parameters to display the current path. PAUSE: ----- Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message "Press any key to continue...." PAUSE PRINT: ----- Prints a text file while you are using other MS-DOS commands. PRINT [/D:device] [/B:size] [/U:ticks1] [/M:ticks2] [/S:ticks3] [/Q:qsize] [/T] [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]] [/C] [/P] /D:device Specifies a print device. /B:size Sets the internal buffer size, in bytes. /U:ticks1 Waits the specified maximum number of clock ticks for the printer to be available. /M:ticks2 Specifies the maximum number of clock ticks it takes to print a character. /S:ticks3 Allocates the scheduler the specified number of clock ticks for background printing. /Q:qsize Specifies the maximum number of files allowed in the print queue. /T Removes all files from the print queue. /C Cancels printing of the preceding filename and subsequent filenames. /P Adds the preceding filename and subsequent filenames to the print queue. Type PRINT without parameters to display the contents of the print queue. PROMPT: ------ Changes the MS-DOS command prompt. PROMPT [text] text Specifies a new command prompt. Prompt can be made up of normal characters and the following special codes: $Q = (equal sign) $$ $ (dollar sign) $T Current time $D Current date $P Current drive and path $V MS-DOS version number $N Current drive $G > (greater-than sign) $L < (less-than sign) $B | (pipe) $H Backspace (erases previous character) $E Escape code (ASCII code 27) $_ Carriage return and linefeed Type PROMPT without parameters to reset the prompt to the default setting. QBASIC: ------ Starts the MS-DOS QBasic programming environment. QBASIC [/B] [/EDITOR] [/G] [/H] [/MBF] [/NOHI] [[/RUN] [drive:][path]filename] /B Allows use of a monochrome monitor with a color graphics card. /EDITOR Starts the MS-DOS Editor. /G Provides the fastest update of a CGA screen. /H Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware. /MBF Converts the built-in functions MKS$, MKD$, CVS, and CVD to MKSMBF$, MKDMBF$, CVSMBF, and CVDMBF, respectively. /NOHI Allows the use of a monitor without high-intensity support. /RUN Runs the specified Basic program before displaying it. [[drive:][path]filename] Specifies the program file to load or run. RD or RMDIR: ----------- Removes (deletes) a directory. RMDIR [drive:]path RD [drive:]path RECOVER: ------- Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk. RECOVER [drive:][path]filename RECOVER drive: Consult your User's Guide and Reference before using the RECOVER command. REM: --- Records comments (remarks) in a batch file or CONFIG.SYS. REM [comment] REN or RENAME: ------------- Renames a file or files. RENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2 REN [drive:][path]filename1 filename2 Note that you cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination file. REPLACE: ------- Replaces files. REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/A] [/P] [/R] [/W] REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/P] [/R] [/S] [/W] [/U] [drive1:][path1]filename Specifies the source file or files. [drive2:][path2] Specifies the directory where files are to be replaced. /A Adds new files to destination directory. Cannot use with /S or /U switches. /P Prompts for confirmation before replacing a file or adding a source file. /R Replaces read-only files as well as unprotected files. /S Replaces files in all subdirectories of the destination directory. Cannot use with the /A switch. /W Waits for you to insert a disk before beginning. /U Replaces (updates) only files that are older than source files. Cannot use with the /A switch. RESTORE: ------- Restores files that were backed up by using the BACKUP command. RESTORE drive1: drive2:[path[filename]] [/S] [/P] [/B:date] [/A:date] [/E:time] [/L:time] [/M] [/N] [/D] drive1: Specifies the drive on which the backup files are stored. drive2:[path[filename]] Specifies the file(s) to restore. /S Restores files in all subdirectories in the path. /P Prompts before restoring read-only files or files changed since the last backup (if appropriate attributes are set). /B Restores only files last changed on or before the specified date. /A Restores only files changed on or after the specified date. /E Restores only files last changed at or earlier than the specified time. /L Restores only files changed at or later than the specified time. /M Restores only files changed since the last backup. /N Restores only files that no longer exist on the destination disk. /D Displays files on the backup disk that match specifications. SET: --- Displays, sets, or removes MS-DOS environment variables. SET [variable=[string]] variable Specifies the environment-variable name. string Specifies a series of characters to assign to the variable. Type SET without parameters to display the current environment variables. SETVER: ------ Sets the version number that MS-DOS reports to a program. Display current version table: SETVER [drive:path] Add entry: SETVER [drive:path] filename n.nn Delete entry: SETVER [drive:path] filename /DELETE [/QUIET] [drive:path] Specifies location of the SETVER.EXE file. filename Specifies the filename of the program. n.nn Specifies the MS-DOS version to be reported to the program. /DELETE or /D Deletes the version-table entry for the specified program. /QUIET Hides the message typically displayed during deletion of version-table entry. SHARE: ----- Installs file-sharing and locking capabilities on your hard disk. SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks] /F:space Allocates file space (in bytes) for file-sharing information. /L:locks Sets the number of files that can be locked at one time. SHIFT: ----- Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file. SHIFT SORT: ---- Sorts input and writes results to the screen, a file, or another device. SORT [/R] [/+n] < [drive1:][path1]filename1 [> [drive2:][path2]filename2] [command |] SORT [/R] [/+n] [> [drive2:][path2]filename2] /R Reverses the sort order; that is, sorts Z to A, then 9 to 0. /+n Sorts the file according to characters in column n. [drive1:][path1]filename1 Specifies a file to be sorted. [drive2:][path2]filename2 Specifies a file where the sorted input is to be stored. command Specifies a command whose output is to be sorted. SUBST: ----- Associates a path with a drive letter. SUBST [drive1: [drive2:]path] SUBST drive1: /D drive1: Specifies a virtual drive to which you want to assign a path. [drive:2]path Specifies a physical drive and path you want to assign to a virtual drive. /D Deletes a substituted (virtual) drive. Type SUBST with no parameters to display a list of current virtual drives. SYS: --- Copies MS-DOS system files and command interpreter to a disk you specify. SYS [drive1:][path] drive2: [drive1:][path] Specifies the location of the system files. drive2: Specifies the drive the files are to be copied to. TIME: ---- Displays or sets the system time. TIME [time] Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time. TREE: ---- Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path. TREE [drive:][path] [/F] [/A] /F Displays the names of the files in each directory. /A Uses ASCII instead of extended characters. TYPE: ---- Displays the contents of a text file. TYPE [drive:][path]filename UNDELETE: -------- Restores files which have been deleted. UNDELETE [[drive:][path]][filename] [/LIST | /ALL] [/DT | /DOS] /LIST Lists the deleted files available to be recovered. /ALL Undeletes all specified files without prompting. /DT Uses only the deletion-tracking file. /DOS Uses only the MS-DOS directory. MIRROR, UNDELETE, and UNFORMAT Copyright (C) 1987-1991 Central Point Software, Inc. UNFORMAT: -------- Restores a disk erased by the FORMAT command or restructured by the RECOVER command. UNFORMAT drive: [/J] UNFORMAT drive: [/U] [/L] [/TEST] [/P] UNFORMAT /PARTN [/L] drive: Specifies the drive to unformat. /J Verifies that the mirror files agree with the system information on the disk. /U Unformats without using MIRROR files. /L Lists all file and directory names found, or, when used with the /PARTN switch, displays current partition tables. /TEST Displays information but does not write changes to disk. /P Sends output messages to printer connected to LPT1. /PARTN Restores disk partition tables. MIRROR, UNDELETE, and UNFORMAT Copyright (C) 1987-1991 Central Point Software, Inc. VER: --- Displays the MS-DOS version. VER VERIFY: ------ Tells MS-DOS whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk. VERIFY [ON | OFF] Type VERIFY without a parameter to display the current VERIFY setting. VOL: --- Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if they exist. VOL [drive:] XCOPY: ----- Copies files (except hidden and system files) and directory trees. XCOPY source [destination] [/A | /M] [/D:date] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/V] [/W] source Specifies the file(s) to copy. destination Specifies the location and/or name of new files. /A Copies files with the archive attribute set, doesn't change the attribute. /M Copies files with the archive attribute set, turns off the archive attribute. /D:date Copies files changed on or after the specified date. /P Prompts you before creating each destination file. /S Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones. /E Copies any subdirectories, even if empty. /V Verifies each new file. /W Prompts you to press a key before copying. ****************************************************************************** HMVH 13-10-91